Refactoring
Making code's internal structure more readable, simpler and easier to maintain without changing its external behaviour.
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Why it matters
Refactoring pays down technical debt: when code is understandable, new features are added faster and with fewer bugs. Automated tests are essential to be sure behaviour has not changed. The best results come from small, continuous steps rather than large, risky rewrites.
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Example
A team notices that every change to the payment module causes bugs. It first captures the current behaviour with tests, then splits the module into small parts; subsequent changes go through without bugs.
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Common mistake
Doing a large refactoring without tests, or mixing it into the same change as new features. When a bug appears, finding the cause becomes impossible.
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Related terms
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