CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing Test): Distinguishing bots from humans. Status: Some bots solve >80% (OCR + AI capabilities have improved), but complete defeat is at 30-40% level (still an effective deterrent). CAPTCHA types: 1) Text-based (OCR: 80% bot success rate), 2) Image select (pattern recognition: 65% bot), 3) Puzzle (drag-drop: 45% bot), 4) Biometric (face/voice: 10% bot), 5) Behavioral (browser fingerprint, typing pattern: 20% bot). Platforms: reCAPTCHA v3 (risk scoring, invisible, 5% bot pass), hCaptcha (privacy-focused, 40% bot), Cloudflare Challenge (rate limiting + pattern, 35% bot), Arkose Labs (adaptive challenge, 15% bot). Alternatives: 1) Multi-factor challenge (CAPTCHA + rate limiting + IP check), 2) Friction increase (longer form, email verification), 3) Behavioral (user interaction pattern — mouse movement, typing speed), 4) Risk-based (suspend if high-risk score, normal users proceed). UX tradeoff: CAPTCHA fatigue (conversion rate -5-15%), alternative friction methods (-2-5%), invisible CAPTCHAs (v3, -1% conversion impact). Recommendation: Sensitive action (login) → strong CAPTCHA (hCaptcha), form submission → behavioral + rate limiting, high-volume -> risk-based (invisible CAPTCHA v3).